The anode area emits a gas that creates a thin

The anode area emits a gas that creates a thin, bubble layer measuring 4-5 mm at a minimum and about 10-12 mm amidst dynamic conditions. Either the elongate “gas-hold up” or bubble coalescence causes enlarge the bubble to become “Fortin Bubbles”. Gas hold-up results from an equal release and expulsion of gas within a given time. This causes a considerable variation in the amount of gas that collects near the anode. The bubble’s shape is affected by gravitational and drag forces, surface tension, and contact angle. Studies show that the bubble undergoes a sliding mechanism through a creeping motion that separates the bubble from the solid region. Besides, it is observed that the bubble’s shape evolves from spherical to ellipsoidal and finally to the bubble-cap shape based on the size and velocity of the bubble. It is also observed that during sliding, there is a bubble wake that may lead to localized phenomena.