Numerous bonding procedures contribute to the adsorption of proteins

Numerous bonding procedures contribute to the adsorption of proteins, including positioning and ability to easily revolve. Higher vitronectin adsorption was noted on nano-phase ceramics, and it was seen to be unfolded to a higher extent to reveal more osteoblast adhesive epitopes than the molecules on normal ceramics. This cell bond process, due to shell characteristics, was also seen on nanophase ceramics in fibronectin (Vance et al. 2004). Generally, nano-featured surfaces offer a greater surface area that influence protein bonding characteristics and increases cell adhesion.