Mitochondria is the organelle that contains its own set of genes. There is an assumption that most of the mitochondria obtained by the offspring are of maternal origin. During the process of fertilization, only the nuclear DNA in the sperm head fuses with the ovum, whereas its remaining portion gets disintegrated. Therefore, a child always carries extranuclear DNA from its mother. Mitochondrial DNA which is abbreviated as mtDNA is inherited from the mother only. The mother must have an unbroken link of female descendants to pass mtDNA. It passes from mother to daughter without any change. It mutates very slowly. Taking mtDNA from a population and reconstructing matrilineal ancestors, one arrives at a single female common ancestor. A mother whom all individuals can all relate to from their mother’s side. The three scientists Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson did the same experiment. They identified that all humans of today do have a common female ancestor who probably lived about 200 thousand years ago in Africa. They named her mitochondrial Eve. Genetics is gathering data that one of the greatest warriors in history, the man that found America, that their DNA is linked with scientific Adam. Most of the DNA in individuals resembles their ancestors. DNA makes every individual unique. One almost constant genetic code was the Y chromosome. Y chromosome can be described as a piece of DNA found mainly in men. It passes in an unchanged manner from male parent to a son. The Y chromosome plays an important role in tracing the origin of males from Africa to America. Geneticist traces the ancestors to as an ultimate super ancestor, scientific Adam. The Y chromosomal DNA inherited from the father only points to a common father, Y-chromosomal Adam. There is no reason to believe that Eve and Adam lived at the same time, but these are the only ancestors. There is a lineage of the mother as well as mother’s mother and also a father as well as father’s father who passed on their mtDNA and Y-chromosome leading back to a single female and male ancestors. Mitochondria are small organelles that produce energy for the cells to function. About billions of years ago when ancestors were single-celled and at some point, it engulfed another cell and started using it as an energy supply. Mitochondria has its genome. Egg cells of the mother have lots of mitochondria. The Y chromosome is comparatively smaller than the other sex chromosome that is the X chromosome. People having sex chromosomes including X and Y chromosomes are physiological males.

Mitochondria is the organelle that contains its own set of genes. There is an assumption that most of the mitochondria obtained by the offspring are of maternal origin. During the process of fertilization, only the nuclear DNA in the sperm head fuses with the ovum, whereas its remaining portion gets disintegrated. Therefore, a child always carries extranuclear DNA from its mother. Mitochondrial DNA which is abbreviated as mtDNA is inherited from the mother only. The mother must have an unbroken link of female descendants to pass mtDNA. It passes from mother to daughter without any change. It mutates very slowly. Taking mtDNA from a population and reconstructing matrilineal ancestors, one arrives at a single female common ancestor. A mother whom all individuals can all relate to from their mother’s side. The three scientists Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson did the same experiment. They identified that all humans of today do have a common female ancestor who probably lived about 200 thousand years ago in Africa. They named her mitochondrial Eve. Genetics is gathering data that one of the greatest warriors in history, the man that found America, that their DNA is linked with scientific Adam. Most of the DNA in individuals resembles their ancestors. DNA makes every individual unique. One almost constant genetic code was the Y chromosome. Y chromosome can be described as a piece of DNA found mainly in men. It passes in an unchanged manner from male parent to a son. The Y chromosome plays an important role in tracing the origin of males from Africa to America. Geneticist traces the ancestors to as an ultimate super ancestor, scientific Adam. The Y chromosomal DNA inherited from the father only points to a common father, Y-chromosomal Adam. There is no reason to believe that Eve and Adam lived at the same time, but these are the only ancestors. There is a lineage of the mother as well as mother’s mother and also a father as well as father’s father who passed on their mtDNA and Y-chromosome leading back to a single female and male ancestors. Mitochondria are small organelles that produce energy for the cells to function. About billions of years ago when ancestors were single-celled and at some point, it engulfed another cell and started using it as an energy supply. Mitochondria has its genome. Egg cells of the mother have lots of mitochondria. The Y chromosome is comparatively smaller than the other sex chromosome that is the X chromosome. People having sex chromosomes including X and Y chromosomes are physiological males.

Recombination and Variation in mtDNA and Y-chromosome
The homologous chromosome in the process of creating sperm and egg cells exchange information. Homologous chromosomes swap some of their parts with each other and this process is known as recombination. Due to this recombination, offspring have a slightly different combination of genes as compared with their parents. In this way, sexual reproduction creates genetic variations among individuals The Y-chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome. It does not recombine with the X chromosome. The mtDNA does not recombine with anything either because it does not have a partner to combine with. This means that mtDNA and Y-chromosome passed almost unchanged from parents to offspring which makes them traceable through time. The slow mutation in mtDNA with time passed from mother to offspring and these mutations passed on and formed a genetic pattern within a group. Scientists organized a genetically similar group as a haplogroup. Research (for decades) in mtDNA has shown that the majority of haplogroup diversity exists inside Africa. Y chromosome tells about the migration pattern of some groups of men.